Method to apply compositions to a surface

ABSTRACT

A process and apparatus for one-step preparation of fibrinogen adhesive by polyethylene glycol-mediated precipitation from plasma are disclosed. The methods and apparatus of the invention permit preparation of autologous fibrinogen adhesive composition from the patient during surgery, and can be applied generally to provide such compositions. Also disclosed are an apparatus and method for application of sealant comprising this fibrinogen adhesive composition.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional of U.S. Ser. No. 08/703,148 filed Aug.29, 1996, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,879,340, which is a continuation of U.S.Ser. No. 08/645,464 filed May 13, 1996, which is a continuation of U.S.Ser. No. 08/370,793 filed Jan. 10, 1995, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,648,265which is a divisional of U.S. Ser. No. 08/090,587 filed Jul. 12, 1993,now U.S. Pat. No. 5,405,607, which is a divisional of U.S. Ser. No.07/372,443 filed Jun. 23, 1989 and now U.S. Pat. No. 5,226,877.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The invention is related to medical and veterinary technology andprocedures. More specifically, it concerns a convenient method forpreparation of a fibrinogen adhesive directly from withdrawn blood.

BACKGROUND ART

The need for a suitable tissue adhesive for use in surgical proceduresin human and animal medicine is well understood, and has been for nearlya century. Various substances have been tried, including completelysynthetic materials such as cyanoacrylate. Because, however, the abilityof the natural material fibrin to behave as an adhesive is known, fibrinpowders were used for this purpose early in the development of thistechnology.

It has also long been recognized that the in situ formation of fibrinfrom fibrinogen is a preferable approach. In a relatively recentarticle, Staindl, O., in Ann Otol (1979) 88:413-418, described the useof a combination of three separately prepared substances, humanfibrinogen cryoprecipitate, thrombin in the presence of calcium ion, andFactor XIII concentrate, to obtain a glue that was applied in skin graftapplications, myringoplasty, repair of dural defects, hemeostatis aftertonsillectomy, and tracheoplasty. Around this time, Immuno-AG, Vienna,Austria, began producing and commercializing a two-component “fibrinseal” system, wherein one component contains highly concentrated humanfibrinogen, Factor XIII, and other human plasma proteins, prepared frompooled blood, and the other component supplies thrombin and calcium ion.The two components are added together in the presence of a fibrinolysisinhibitor. After application, the processes of coagulation and fibrincross-linking occur. Eventually, the seal may lyse in the process ofhealing of the wound or trauma which accompanies the reconstruction ofthe tissue. Redl, H., et al., “Biomaterials 1980,” Winter G. D., et al.,eds. (1982), John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., at pages 669-675, describe thedevelopment of an applicator device for this system which mixes andapplies the two components of the system simultaneously.

This two-component system has been marketed over the last ten yearsunder the trade name Tissucol® or Tisseel®, and a number of publicationshave appeared describing the use of this preparation in surgicalprocedures. See, for example, Seelich, T., J Head and Neck Pathol (1982)3:65-69; O'Connor, A. F., et al., Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg (1982)90:347-348; Marquet, J., J Head and Neck Pathol (1982) 3:71-72; Thorson,G. K., et al., J Surg Oncol (1983) 24:221-223. McCarthy, P. M., et al.,Mayo Clin Pros (1987) 62:317-319, reported the addition of barium ion tothis fibrin glue system in the treatment of a bleeding duodenal sinus inorder to facilitate follow-up surveillance. See also Portman, M., J Headand Neck Pathol (1982) 3:96; Panis, R., ibid., 94-95.

It has been recognized, of course, that the use of the commercialproduct, which is prepared from pooled human blood, poses at least atheoretical risk of contamination by disease-producing organisms,especially viruses. The earlier concerns were directed to transmissionof hepatitis B, but more recently the focus has shifted to concern aboutinadvertent transfer of the AIDS virus. Therefore, attention has beengiven to methods to isolate an autologous counterpart of thefibrinogen-containing component in the Tissucol® system in a practicalmanner for use in surgery. For example, Siedentop, K. H., et al.,Laryngoscope (1985) 95:1074-1076, describes a number of approaches tothe precipitation of fibrinogen from plasma in the context of theproposed use of this material as the fibrinogen-furnishing component ofa fibrin glue. Four methods were suggested: Precipitation with ethanol,use of unfractionated plasma, cryoprecipitation, and precipitation withammonium sulfate. The first three methods were considered by the authorsto be unsatisfactory; the fourth, which was the method described byHarker, L. A., et al., New Eng J Med (1972) 287:999-1005, was consideredto have some promise.

Epstein, G. H., et al., Anals Otol Rhinol and Laryngol (1986) 95:40-45,suggest the use of a fibrinogen preparation from autologous plasmaobtained using polyethylene glycol precipitation. These authors adaptedthe method of Masri, M. A., et al., Thromb Hemeostas (1983) 49:116-119,which involved incubation of the harvested plasma with barium sulfateand magnesium sulfate in order to remove thrombin (and thus preventpremature fibrin formation) followed by treatment of the supernatantfrom the resulting precipitation with a 30% solution of polyethyleneglycol (PEG) of MW approximately 1000. This purified fraction was thenmixed with thrombin containing calcium ion in order to form the glue.The isolation process required approximately two-three hours, but thePEG-precipitated fraction could be stored for as much as several weeks,and therefore the preparation could be made in advance of surgery.Autologous fibrinogen preparations obtained following this procedurewere shown to be adhesive with implant materials by Feldman, M. C., etal., Arch Otolaryngol—Head and Neck Surg (1988) 114:182-185; additionalapplications of this approach to other surgical indications were alsoreported by Feldman, M. C., et al., Arch Opthalmol (1987) 105:963-967;Feldman, M. C., et al., M J Otolog (1988) 9:302-305; Silberstein et al.,L. E., et al., Transfusion (1988) 28:319-321.

In addition, the material prepared as described by Epstein et al., bybarium sulfate/magnesium sulfate precipitation followed by treatment ofthe supernatant with polyethylene glycol, was characterized to as to itscomponents by Weisman, R. A., et al., Laryngoscope (1987) 97:1186-1190.The product was found to contain about 13-50 mg/ml of fibrinogen whenthe material precipitated from 50 ml blood was brought to a volume of 1ml, wherein this concentration varies with the concentration of PEG. Thepercent of total protein attributable to fibrinogen ranged from 42-92percent; the lower the PEG concentration, the higher the percentage offibrinogen. The concentrations of kallikrein and pre-kallikrein wereshown to be reduced to 1-2% of their levels in plasma in the presence of10% PEG, and Factor XIII activity was shown to be present.

A system for preparing autologous tissue adhesive was also described byWeis-Fogh in PCT Application WO 88/02259 and WO 91/17778, whichdiscloses a reasonably complex system based on ethanol precipitation.

General methods for preparing plasma adhesives have also been describedin a series of related U.S. patents by Schwartz et al. assigned toImmuno-AG: U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,414,976; 4,298,598; 4,362,567; and4,377,572. These methods involve cryoprecipitation of the adhesivematerial from plasma and various work-up procedures to obtain a mixtureof defined composition. In addition, U.S. Pat. No. 4,427,650 toStroetmann describes a preparation method involving the formation of acryopreciptiate.

Very early studies on blood fibrinogen, unrelated to the preparation ofadhesive compositions, experimented with the use of glycine as aprecipitant. A 1963 paper by Kazal, L. A., et al., Proc Sec Exp Biol Med(1963) 10:989-994, described the use of glycine at about 2.2M at roomtemperature to precipitate fibrinogen after removal of the thrombin withBaSO₄/MgSO₄ precipitation. Moesson, M. W., et al., Biochemistry (1966)5:2829-2835, recognized that fibrinogen can be directly precipitated inthis manner, but did not assess the suitability of the precipitatedmaterial to behave as a controlled adhesive.

None of the foregoing methods is readily adaptable for convenient use ofan autologous plasma fraction as an adhesive which can be preparedquickly in the course of the surgical procedure. All of the approachessuggested for preparation of the fibrinogen-containing fraction for thispurpose are too time-consuming and complex to be finished in a shortenough time period to be accomplished during the course of the surgery.Also, in some procedures, such as cryoprecipitation, special equipment,such as refrigerated centrifuges, is required. While the prior artapproach is to prepare the composition in advance, this immediatelyimposes the necessity for additional procedures for identification andretrieval of the samples matched with the patient, and the concomitantopportunity for error, in addition to the inconvenience to the patient,who must then arrange time for an additional medical appointment. And,of course, this practice is not possible when the surgery is conductedon an emergency basis.

The present invention, by providing a surprisingly simple method andapparatus for the preparation of autologous adhesive, permits theautologous composition to be prepared in the operating room andadministered at the time of preparation.

In addition to the problem of preparation, methods to administer theadhesive have not provided sufficient controls to permit clean fusionsof tissue to be made. The adhesive is administered as a two-componentsystem—the fibrinogen preparation as one component and a thrombin/Ca⁺²composition as another. The Tissucol® system uses a double-syringearrangement wherein the two components are mixed in the injectorimmediately prior to dispensing. No means to remove debris or excessadhesive from the site of application is provided, and the potential forpremature adhesion also exists. The present invention also provides anapplicator with a premix immediately upstream of the application outletmeans and a means to apply suction at the outlet to maintain theapplication area in condition for successful adhesion.

DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION

The invention provides effective means to prepared and administerautologous plasma-derived adhesive during the course of a surgicalprocedure. The method of the invention can also be used to prepare theadhesive under less constrained conditions, but the simplicity and easewith which the invention method results in the desired adhesive makes itadaptable to this important use.

The invention process provides the desired adhesive composition in aone-step treatment directly applicable to separated plasma using arecognized, nontoxic precipitant, such as suitable concentrations ofamino acids, but preferably a nontoxic polymer such as polyvinyl alcohol(PVA) or polyethylene glycol (PEG). The fraction precipitated by thesepharmaceutically acceptable reagents results in a high concentration offibrinogen in the precipitate, along with other factors necessary forfibrin formation, as well as permitting the use of a simple, disposableapparatus to carry out the manipulations.

Thus, in one aspect, the invention is directed to a process forpreparing a fibrinogen adhesive composition from whole blood, whichprocess comprises directly contacting plasma with an amount ofpolyethylene glycol of molecular weight 200-8000, or other precipitantselected from the group consisting of amino acids and nontoxichydrophilic polymers, which is effective to precipitate thefibrinogen-containing fraction. Then the precipitated fibrinogenfraction is recovered for use, either by mechanical disruption of theprecipitate or pellet or by suspension in an aqueous medium.

In another aspect, the invention is directed to thefibrinogen-containing preparation obtained by the method of theinvention.

In still another aspect, the invention is directed to an apparatus forpreparing the fibrinogen composition consisting essentially of a devicewith dual separation chambers with a means for fluid communicationbetween the chambers.

In still another aspect, the invention is directed to an applicator forinjecting this or any other two-component system into a human or otheranimal subject which provides for simultaneous application of suction atthe outlet for the components, and to a method to administer thefibrinogen composition using this apparatus.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a perspective view of one embodiment of the apparatus of theinvention for preparing the plasma-derived adhesive.

FIG. 2 is an alternative embodiment of the isolation apparatus of theinvention.

FIG. 3 is an additional alternative embodiment of the isolationapparatus of the invention.

FIG. 4 is a longitudinal sectional view of an apparatus foradministering a two-component composition to an animal subject.

FIG. 5 is a perspective view of the apparatus of FIG. 4.

FIGS. 6A and 6B are perspective views of the mixing head of theapparatus of FIGS. 4 and 5.

FIG. 7 is a perspective view of the filler tray and reservoir tip of theapparatus of FIGS. 4 and 5.

MODES OF CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION

The Adhesive Composition

The adhesive composition of the invention contains substantial amountsof fibrinogen and sufficient Factor XIII to effect fibrin formation andcross-linking in the presence of added thrombin and calcium ion. Thus,as used herein, “fibrinogen adhesive composition” refers to a fractionof blood plasma which contains substantial amounts of fibrinogen andsufficient amounts of other factors required for fibrin formation that,when combined with a preparation of thrombin and calcium ion, fibrinformation and cross-linking takes place conferring on the compositionthe properties of a tissue adhesive.

It is believed that the formation of the adhesive occurs through theconversion of fibrinogen into fibrin monomers, which conversion ismediated by thrombin; these monomers aggregate and form a gel. Thrombinalso catalyzes the transformation of Factor XIII to Factor XIII* whichis activated in the presence of calcium ions to Factor XIIIa. FactorXIIIa cross-links the fibrin monomers of the gel aggregation into apolymeric state. The polymeric material adheres to tissue or bone, andcontinued cross-linking can occur as Factor XIIIa also cross-linksfibronectin.

Therefore, the necessary components of the fibrinogen adhesivecomposition are fibrinogen itself and Factor XIII. Other components mayalso be present or may be added to modify and improve the effect of theadhesive. For example, a fibrinolysis inhibitor, such as aprotinin oraminocaproic acid can also be added. In the compositions of theinvention, the levels of kallikrein and prekallikrein are greatlyreduced from those present in plasma; these factors are alsofibrinolytic. Other additives useful for purposes not directly relatedto the adhesive properties of the composition may also be included, suchas various protein factors which are useful in wound healing, forexample, fibroblast growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor,various angiogenic factors and the like. Other hormones, such asinsulin, glucagon, steroids, and prostaglandins can also be included,resulting in a slow release system for these drugs. Also because theinvention compositions may be prepared sufficiently efficiently topermit the use of an autologous fraction, other factors from plasmawhich aid in clotting, such as Factor VIII and immunoglobulins, arebeneficial rather than detrimental when brought down with the fibrinogenprecipitate. By adjusting the concentration of the precipitant and/or,in this case of a polymeric precipitant, its molecular weight, variableamounts of these factors may be included in the composition.

Preparation of the Composition

The method of the invention which provides the fibrinogen adhesivecomposition is straightforward and sufficiently simple that it can beused in the operating room to provide an autologous adhesivepreparation. The appropriateness of the process for this applicationdoes not mean, of course, that its application is thus limited. Thisstraightforward process can be used as well in the preparation offibrinogen adhesive compositions in advance of surgery from autologous,designated donor, or pooled plasma sources, if desired. Furthermore,while its use is envisioned as most dramatically associated with surgeryin humans, it is also suitable for veterinary uses.

The process results in a composition which has 50-80 mg/ml offibrinogen, in general, as compared to the 2-6 mg/ml concentration inplasma or whole blood. This is a range comparable to the commerciallyavailable Tisseel® composition which contains 70-110 mg/ml. Also, likethe commercial Tisseel® composition, the fibrinogen adhesives of thepresent invention contain sufficient Factor XIII to providecross-linking of the fibrin obtained. There may also be present varyingamounts of plasma components which are not absolutely necessary forfibrin formation but may be helpful, such as, e.g., Factor VIII,prostaglandins, and platelets.

In general, the process begins with the withdrawal of whole blood froman autologous, or other, or multiple donors in the presence of ananticoagulant, and separation of plasma from the red blood cellfraction. Typical anticoagulants include heparin and sodium citrate;others generally known in the art may also be used. If sodium citrate isused, it is generally supplied as a buffer at physiological pH withcitrate ion present at 3-5%. The sodium salt is preferred. The range ofmeans to prepare citrate and other anticoagulants suitable for primaryseparation of blood into red blood cells and plasma is well understoodin the art. Typically, the separation can be effected by centrifugation;a suitable protocol involves spinning at about 2000-5000 g for about5-10 minutes.

In the method of the invention, after the plasma is separated from thered blood cells, it is treated directly, at ambient temperature, withoutprior treatment to remove thrombin, with a physiologically acceptablenontoxic precipitant. The precipitants of the invention include thenatural amino acids and nontoxic polymers, especially polyvinyl alcoholand, most preferably, polyethylene glycol. Preferred amino acids aresmall neutral amino acids such as glycine, serine and alanine, mostpreferably glycine. Most preferred among the polymer precipitants ispolyethylene glycol in a molecular range of 200-8000 supplied as aconcentrated solution. The precipitant is preferably supplied as aconcentrated solution which, when mixed with plasma, will yield aconcentration effective in precipitating the adhesive composition.Optimal concentration of the precipitant can readily be determined byroutine experimentation; simple in vitro assays for fibrin formation,such as those described by Epstein, G. H., et al., Anals Otol Rhinol andLaryngol (1986) 287:999-1005, can be used, and fibrinogen contentmeasured as described.

The concentrated solution or, in some instances, undiluted precipitantis added to the plasma in an amount effective to precipitate thefibrinogen adhesive composition of the invention. If PEG is used, thefinal concentration of PEG depends on the concentration of plasma in theprecipitating solution and on the molecular weight of the PEG. Asuitable and typical set of parameters utilizes an approximately 60%solution of PEG of molecular weight 1000 in saline at pH 7.4, and theplasma is added in sufficient volume (typically 10% w/v of precipitantsolution/final volume) to obtain a resulting concentration of 8-15% w/vPEG in the volume of the final mixture. The plasma itself is, therefore,only slightly diluted. The precipitation takes place at room temperatureand is complete essentially instantaneously, although generally it isadvantageous to cure the precipitate for 5-10 min.

The precipitate containing the fibrinogen adhesive is then recovered,typically by centrifugation. The pellet may be recovered by mechanicaldisruption or resuspended in normal saline for use at a concentration ofabout 50 mg/ml-80 mg/ml of fibrinogen. Typically from about 60 cc ofwhole blood a fibrinogen adhesive composition which would contain 30-50mg fibrinogen when resuspended to 1.5 ml is obtained.

The use of the amino acids and biocompatible polymers as precipitant hasconsiderable advantage over the prior art use of ethanol andcryoprecipitation. The resulting concentration of fibrinogen is markedlyhigher, and the precipitants are recognized material safe for internaluse. For example, PEG has been used as a lubricant or conditioner inointments and in pharmaceutical and cosmetic preparations, includinginjectables. It is a water-soluble, nonvolatile material of no knownclinical toxicity. The amino acids are, of course, nontoxic metabolitesand are common components of pharmaceutical compositions.

Because of the benign nature of the precipitant, the remainingsupernatant plasma fraction, which contains platelets and white bloodcells, can be reused for other purposes; similarly, the red blood cellsremoved could, if desired, be returned to the patient.

Isolation apparatus

The process of the invention can be conducted using standard laboratoryand medical equipment. For example, the blood may simply be withdrawninto a syringe containing anticoagulant and emptied into a centrifugetube for separation. The supernatant plasma can then be removed by asyringe containing the precipitant or can be pipetted into a separatevessel and the precipitant added. The suspension can then be centrifugedusing standard equipment and the precipitated material disrupted orresuspended by addition of saline after removal of the supernatant.

It is evident, however, that the use of standard equipment addscomplexity to the process and imposes requirements for sterilization ofthe various pieces of apparatus and maintenance of integrity of thesample. The invention apparatus provides a simple design whicheliminates these complexities and streamlines the process.

The invention apparatus contains two chambers, both of which can be useddirectly in a laboratory or medical centrifuge. The first chamber isdesigned to effect the separation of plasma and red blood cells; thesecond chamber provides a method to separate the fibrinogen adhesivecomposition from the supernatant plasma fraction. Because a means offluid communication is provided between the first and second chamber,the plasma obtained in the first chamber can be made the subject offibrinogen adhesive separation in the second, and the supernatant fromthe precipitate can be returned to the first chamber. The first chambergenerally contains an effective amount of anticoagulant; the secondchamber contains an effective amount of precipitant such as polyethyleneglycol solution to effect precipitation of the fibrinogen adhesive. Theapparatus, then, comprises a first and second chamber, a means of fluidcommunication between the first and second chambers and a means tointerrupt this communication, wherein the first chamber containsanticoagulant and the second chamber contains the precipitant andpermits the removal of the precipitate.

One convenient embodiment of the apparatus of the invention is shown inFIG. 1. In this embodiment, the apparatus consists of two especiallyadapted syringe bodies 10 and 11 interconnected by a supported tube 12.The tube is provided with a valve 13 which is capable of turning on andoff the flow of fluid between chambers 10 and 11. Both of the chambersare fitted onto the frame and locked onto a tube having a T-joint at 10t and 11 t. Both syringe cylinders are provided with a modified plunger10 p and 11 p which may be withdrawn by a pulling means such as aplastic cord 10 c and 11 c causing the withdrawal of the plunger to aposition flush with the ends of the cylinders where the top of theplunger is sealed by a flange (10 f and 11 f) when withdrawn to a fullyextended position. This permits the syringe bodies to be used ascentrifuge tubes when the plunger is fully withdrawn to the end of thesyringe and sealed at the flange. While the plunger could be returned tothe position toward the tip of the syringe by use of a rod inserted atthe apertures 10 a and 11 a, this is generally not necessary as thematerial in the chamber can be removed by suction, provided either bythe adjacent chamber or by the application of a vacuum at the chamberoutlet. Thus, withdrawal of the plunger in the chamber 11 with valve 13open and the outlets 10 o and 11 o sealed results in transfer of theliquid from chamber 10 to chamber 11. Both syringes can be detached fromthe supporting frame 14 by release of the locks to the T-tube, and canbe sealed if appropriate.

In use, the plasma separation chamber 10 is fitted with a needle 10 nwhich is inserted into the subject for withdrawal of blood. The valve 13is closed during this step, thus preventing the formation of a vacuum inthe connecting tube 12 and confining the flow of blood to the chamber 10when the plunger 10 p is withdrawn by pulling the cord 10 c. The size ofthe plunger is adjusted to permit withdrawal of a predetermined amountof blood, typically 60 cc. The chamber 10 is previously supplied withsufficient citrate buffer to obtain a concentration of about 4% citrateion when the predetermined amount of blood is withdrawn.

When the blood is withdrawn into chamber 10, the needle is detached, theoutlet 10 o sealed with a sealing cap, and the device removed to acentrifuge with a head designed to accommodate this device, or, ifdesired, chamber 10 is detached for centrifugation independently. Theapplication of 4500 g for 5-10 minutes results in a separation of thered blood cells from the plasma. If the device is placed intact into thecentrifuge, the plunger of chamber 11 is unaffected as the outlet ofchamber 11, shown as 11 o, is sealed and the PEG contained in thischamber is not compressible.

After centrifugation, the valve 13 is opened and the plunger 11 p iswithdrawn and sealed at flange 11 f, thus transferring the plasma intochamber 11. Chamber 11 is presupplied with an approximately 60% PEGsolution of molecular weight 1000, or a comparable concentration of analternate molecular weight sufficient to effect precipitation of thefibrinogen adhesive. The motion of the plungers is stopped when the redblood cells reach the upper portion of the chamber 10. The valve 13 isthen closed.

If desired, the red blood cells remaining in chamber 10 can be withdrawnor expelled and returned to the patient.

The apparatus is then agitated, if necessary, to intermix the PEG withthe plasma. Outlet 11 o remains sealed. The chamber 11 is thencentrifuged either within the device or after removal therefrom toseparate the precipitate from the supernatant plasma. The apparatus is,of course, inverted from the position shown in FIG. 1. After about 15-20minutes at 6000-10,000 g sufficient separation of precipitate hasoccurred. The chamber 11 is replaced in the apparatus if it has beenremoved, and the valve 13 again opened while the outlet 11 o remainssealed. The supernatant is then withdrawn into chamber 10 by withdrawalof plunger 10 p (outlet 10 o remains closed) until the fibrinogenprecipitate begins to enter the connecting tube 12; valve 13 is thenclosed.

The fibrinogen adhesive is removed for use from chamber 11 by furtherreinsertion of the plunger 11 p, or preferably by withdrawal into thesyringe attached at the outlet 11 o. If desired, the fibrinogen adhesivecan be diluted in saline and the composition quantitatively removed fromchamber 11 by washing.

It should be noted that chamber 10 now contains all blood componentsexcept the fibrinogen adhesive composition and contains as addedcomponents only anticoagulant and the clearly nontoxic PEG. Therefore,the modified blood in chamber 10 could, if necessary, be used for otherpurposes or returned to the patient.

FIG. 2 shows an alternative embodiment of the apparatus of the inventionwhich dispenses with the need for the frame 14. This apparatus consistsessentially of two syringes with detachable plungers and a Luer-lockedconnector. This embodiment has the advantage of utilizing standardmedical equipment but the disadvantage of utilization of severalseparate parts.

In the apparatus of FIG. 2, the blood separation syringe 20, is fittedwith a needle for the withdrawal of blood. Again, chamber 20 is suppliedwith a premeasured quantity of citrate which, when mixed with thewithdrawn blood will result in a citrate buffer of about 4% citrate ion.When the plunger is retracted and chamber 20 contains whole blood, theneedle and the extended portion of the plunger are detached to permitthe syringe body and sealed end to be placed in a centrifuge, with theLuer lock outlet 20 o sealed. Suitable syringes with plungers which canbe detached and the body sealed for centrifugation of the syringe bodyare available commercially. The syringe barrel 20 is then centrifuged asdescribed above, the Luer lock at outlet 20 o is engaged by theinterconnecting tube 24, and the plunger is replaced. With the syringein the inverted position, the interconnector 24 is attached to a secondsimilarly constructed syringe 21 at Leur lock 21 o. Syringe 21 containsa premeasured quantity of PEG. Plasma is transferred from chamber 20 tochamber 21 through retraction of the plunger 21 p which causes effectivereinsertion of plunger 20 p. When red blood cells begin to enter theinterconnector, an event which is readily observable, the interconnector24 is detached from chamber 21 and the mixture of plasma and PEG inchamber 21 agitated if necessary. Syringe 21 is then prepared forcentrifugation by removal of the extended portion of the plunger andsealing of the body of the syringe, and closure at lock 21 o, and thefibrinogen adhesive and plasma are separated under the centrifugationconditions described above. The interconnector 24 and plunger 21 p arethen put back in place and the plasma supernatant withdrawn into chamber20 by retraction of plunger 20 p. When fibrinogen adhesive precipitatebegins to enter the interconnector, the interconnector is detached andthe fibrinogen adhesive expelled into diluent, or diluent is withdrawninto chamber 21 through lock 21 o.

In either case, the resuspended fibrinogen adhesive is placed in asuitable applicator for use.

FIG. 3 shows a third embodiment of the apparatus for isolation of thefibrinogen adhesive. Chambers 30 and 31 are connected through the tubing32, which is regulated by a valve 33. Any suitable type of valve can beused; as shown in FIG. 3, valve 33 operates by sliding the roller so asto pinch off the tubing 32.

Chambers 30 and 31 are attached to each other by sealing or by formingthe chambers using the same mold; the chambers are, as before, preloadedwith suitable amounts of anticoagulant (chamber 30) and precipitant(chamber 31). Chambers 30 and 31 are provided with outlets 30 o and 31 oat the sides of the chambers, as shown. Outlet 30 o is a Leur lockdesigned to accommodate a needle as ordinarily attached to a syringe.Outlet 31 o is a Leur lock designed to accommodate an externallyattached syringe body. Both outlets 30 o and 31 o have detachablesealing caps 30 s and 31 s.

The chambers 30 and 31 have plungers 30 p and 31 p which are sealed withgaskets 30 g and 31 g to the sides of the chambers. When fullywithdrawn, the plungers are snug against the end plates 30 e and 31 e atthe bases of the chambers. The plungers are withdrawn by a flexibleplastic cord 30 c and 31 c, which are provided with disks 30 d and 31 dto aid in the withdrawal. Additional apertures 30 a and 31 a permitinsertion of rigid rods to push the plungers forward, if required;however, the movement of the plungers is generally effected byapplication of a vacuum either by withdrawal of the plunger in theadjacent chamber or by an externally attached syringe.

The operation of the apparatus as shown in FIG. 3 is substantiallyanalogous to that shown in FIG. 1. In a typical procedure, the patient'sblood, about 60 cc, is withdrawn into chamber 30 with valve 33 andoutlet 31 o both closed. Outlet 30 o is then sealed, the apparatus isplaced in a centrifuge, and the plasma and red blood cells in chamber 30are separated. Valve 33 is then opened and plunger 31 p is withdrawnuntil the red blood cells are seen entering the tubing 32. Valve 33 isclosed, and the apparatus is agitated, if necessary, and inverted andcentrifuged to separate the fibrinogen adhesives from the supernatantplasma. The red blood cells in chamber 30 may be returned to the patientby an attached needle and pushing the plunger 30 p prior tocentrifugation, if desired.

After centrifugation, the valve 33 is again opened and plunger 30 pwithdrawn to draw the supernatant into chamber 30. Withdrawal of theplunger is stopped as soon as the supernatant has left chamber 31.

Outlet 31 o is opened and a syringe body attached. The fibrinogenadhesive pellet is disrupted, for example, by repeated motion of thesyringe plunger, and, if desired, saline may be included in the attachedsyringe to achieve quantitative transfer of the fibrinogen adhesive. Theadhesive composition is then placed in a suitable applicator foradministration to the subject.

Administration and use

The fibrinogen adhesive composition of the invention is useful inmedical and veterinary applications generally comparable to those knownin the art for the commercially available product Tissucol®. Commercialpreparations of thrombin and calcium ion for admixture with thefibrinogen adhesive of the invention are commercially available and areused as is generally known in the art.

In a particularly advantageous way to apply the two components of thesealant to the tissue to be cemented, a dual-barreled applicator withone barrel for supply of the fibrinogen adhesive and the other for thethrombin/calcium ion mixture is employed wherein the outlet of eachbarrel is proximal to a suction device so that the surface prior toapplication can be instantly cleaned and excess components immediatelyremoved.

Although the premixing of the components for this purpose is known inthe art, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,359,049, incorporated herein byreference, the advantages of simultaneous application of suction forcontrolling the environment of the application have not been recognized.To applicants' knowledge, the only medical devices which simultaneouslypermit application of a material and suction are devices designed forirrigation, such as that described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,229,221, where afluid is applied and then removed from a target tissue, especially indental applications, for cleansing purposes.

In the present application, the provision of suction at the site ofsealant application permits the withdrawal of interfering substances aswell as control of the quantity of sealant applied. Thus, although thecommercially available Duploject device can be used for application, themodified adhesive applicator described hereinbelow is highlyadvantageous. This device is designed to permit controlled applicationof both fibrinogen adhesive and thrombin/calcium mixture with premixingof these components immediately prior to injection along with a means toproduce suction for surface cleaning and excess sealant removal.

A particularly advantageous design of such an applicator is shown inFIGS. 4-7 herein, and was described in U.S. Ser. No. 06/683,621 filedDec. 19, 1984 by the Applicant, and now abandoned.

In more detail, FIGS. 4 and 5 show a housing 2 which resembles a pen inboth size and shape, and which is held in a similar fashion. Theinterior of the housing 2 includes a chamber 4 having walls that aresufficiently flexible so that the chamber 4 may be compressed by arelatively slight amount of external pressure. At the same time, thewalls of the chamber 4 are sufficiently resilient so that, in theabsence of external pressure, the chamber 4 will return to its originalvolume and configuration. The chamber 4 is divided into a firstcompartment 6 and a separate but identical second compartment 8. Inapplication of the composition of the invention to a subject, onechamber (6) contains the fibrinogen adhesive composition and the other(8) contains the thrombin/Ca⁺² preparation. In the preferred embodimentof the present invention, the chamber 4 consists of a rubber bulb,although it is recognized that any chamber whose volume may be easilyreduced and expanded may serve as the chamber 4.

The first compartment 6 of the chamber 4 is connected to a first liquidchannel 91 which runs lengthwise through the interior of the housing 2and which terminates at the housing end piece 92. The second compartment8 of the chamber 4 is likewise connected to a second liquid channel 95which runs parallel to the first liquid channel 91 and which similarlyterminates at the housing end piece 92.

The housing end piece 92 is fitted with an adaptor 22 which isconfigured to receive a connector 24 or 93 of a detachable channelextension 25. The channel extension 25 includes two liquid channels 26and 28 (and a suction channel 97 to be described below). When thechannel extension 25 is attached to the housing end piece 92 by means ofthe adapter 22 and the connector 24 or 93, the liquid channels 28 and 26serve as extensions, respectively, of the fluid channels 91 and 95 andas reservoirs for the fibrinogen adhesive and the Ca⁺²/thrombinpreparation.

The channel extension 25 may be configured in a variety of lengths andshapes, depending upon the particular requirements of the applicator.The use of a detachable channel extension 25 allows a single applicatorhousing 2 to be used in conjunction with a variety of differentlyconfigured channel extensions 25.

The present invention also includes a mixing head 94 (see FIGS. 6A and6B). The mixing head 94 includes three entry ports of which two, 34 and36, are configured to be attached respectively to the distal ends 40 and42 of the liquid channels 26 and 28.

The interior of the mixing head 94 includes a Y-shaped channel 46 whichconnects the entry ports 34 and 36 with the exit port 48. The liquidadhesive components dispensed through the entry ports 34 and 36 arethereby combined in the channel 46 before being ejected through thesingle exit port 48. A single adhesive channel tube 50 is connected tothe exit port 48, thus permitting the premixed adhesive to be applied.

The apparatus as shown in FIGS. 4 and 5 includes a suction channel 16which is incorporated into the wall of the housing 2 and which runsparallel to the first and second liquid channels 91 and 95. Suctionchannel 16 also terminates at the housing end piece 92. The proximal endof the suction channel 16 is surrounded by an adaptor 18 which isconfigured to connect the suction channel 16 to a remote vacuum source(not shown).

Operation of the suction channel 16 is controlled by means of a venturiopening 96 which is located on the exterior of the housing 2.Obstruction is the venturi opening 96 permits the suction force whichoriginates at the remote vacuum source to be conducted through thelength of the section channel 16.

The interior of the mixing head 94, shown in FIGS. 6A and 6B, alsoincludes a channel 52 which connects the entry port 38 with an exit port54. The channel 52 serves to conduct the suction force from the distalend 44 of the suction channel 97 to the exit port 54. A single suctionchannel tube 56 is connected to the exit port 54.

The suction channel tube 56 is shorter than the adhesive channel tube 50so that the suction channel tube 56 does not interfere visually orfunctionally with the application of the adhesive. Materials from thesite of application, when suctioned, are drawn along the exteriorsurface of the adhesive channel tube 50 to the orifice of the suctionchannel tube 58. This provides gentle, atraumatic suction required inmicrosurgery.

In the apparatus of FIGS. 4 and 5, compression and expansion of the bulb4 is controlled by means of a leverage mechanism 58. The leveragemechanisms 58 includes an outer lever arm 60 and an inner lever arm 62.Both lever arm 60 and lever arm 62 turn about a fulcrum 64.

The free end 66 of the outer lever arm 60 is positioned adjacent theventuri opening 96 of the suction channel 16. This placement allows theoperator to switch rapidly and with a minimum amount of movement fromthe control of the venturi opening 96 to the control of the lever arm60.

The free end 68 of the inner lever arm 62 rests against the exterior ofthe flexible tube 4. Movement of the free end 68 of the inner lever arm62 toward the bulb 4 will cause both compartments 6 and 8 of the bulb 4to be compressed in equal amounts, thereby causing a small quantity ofair to be displace from each of the compartments 6 and 8 through theliquid channels 91 and 95, respectively. Movement of the free end 68 ofthe inner lever arm 62 away from the bulb 4 will allow the resilientbulb material to return to its original dimensions.

The lateral motion of the free end 66 of the outer lever arm 60 that istransferred to the free end 68 of the inner lever arm 62 is proportionalto the relative lengths of the outer lever arm 60 and inner lever arm62. If the inner lever arm 62 is shorter than the outer lever arm 60, asshown in FIGS. 4 and 5, then a relatively large lateral motion of thefree end 66 will be translated into a relatively short lateral motion ofthe free end 68. In this manner, a relatively broad finger-controlledlateral movement of the lever arm 60 may be used to control a relativelysmall displacement of air through each of the liquid channels 91 and 95.

The pivot ends of both the outer lever arm 60 and the inner lever arm 62are fixed to a ratchet wheel 70. The rotational axis of the ratchetwheel 70 is concentric with the fulcrum 64. Disposed about a portion ofthe circumference of the ratchet wheel 70 is a set of spaced ratchetteeth 72.

A pawl 74 is positioned to engage the ratchet teeth 72, and to therebyprevent movement of the ratchet wheel 70 in a clockwise direction asshown in FIG. 4. A finger-operable pawl release 76 is attached to thepawl 74. The pawl release 76 provides a mechanism for disengaging thepawl 74 from the ratchet teeth 72, thereby allowing unrestrictedmovement of the ratchet wheel 70.

The combination of the ratchet wheel 70 and pawl 74 thereby provides amechanism for stopping movement of the lever arms 60 and 62 (as well ascompression or expansion of the bulb 4) at a plurality of fixedintervals. The size of these intervals is dependent on the spacingbetween the teeth 72 and the circumference of the ratchet wheel 70.

In the apparatus shown, the two components of the dual-componentadhesive are drawn into the channels 26 and 28 from a filler tray 78shown in FIG. 7. The filler tray 78 is designed to orient the operatorso that the possibility of drawing a liquid component into the incorrectchannel is minimized.

The filler tray 78 is generally of rectangular configuration and dividedby a septum 80 along the center of its longer axis into a firstcontainer 82 and second container 84. The floor of the first container82 has a trough 86 which is perpendicular to the septum 80. The floor ofthe second container 84 has a similar trough 88 which is alsoperpendicular to the septum 80. Both troughs 86 and 88 are locatedcloser to one end of the filler tray 78 than the other. The resultingasymmetry of the filler tray 78 provides a useful visual orientation forthe operator. Both troughs 86 and 88 slant downward toward the septum80, so that even a small amount of liquid placed in either container 82or 84 will pool towards the septum 80.

The height and width of the septum 80 are selected so that the distalend 40 of the channel 26 will rest in the lowest part of the trough 88at the same time that the distal end 42 of the channel 28 will rest inthe lowest end of the trough 86. In this way, even small amounts ofliquid in the containers 82 and 84 will be directed to the distal ends40 and 42 of the channels 26 and 28. The height of the septum 80 isselected so that the distal end 44 of the suction channel 97 rests abovethe septum 80 when fluid is drawn from the filler tray 78, the points atwhich the distal ends 40 and 42 of the channels 26 and 28 rest adjacentto the septum 80 are the lowest of all points in the filler tray 78. Inthis way any fluid placed in either container 82 or 84 of the tray 78will pool towards the distal ends 40 and 42 during the filling ofchannels 26 and 28.

The filler tray 78 is anchored to a heavyweight base 90 to help preventthe liquid contents of the filler tray from being spilled.

To operate the device, the outer lever arm 60 is first pressed towardthe housing 2 so that the fulcrum 64 rotates in a counterclockwisedirection as shown in FIG. 4. The free end 68 of the inner lever arm 62is thereby forced against the exterior of the bulb 4, compressing thebulb. The free end 68 of the lever arm 62 will be held in place againstthe bulb 4 by means of the pawl 74 engaging the ratchet teeth 72 of theratchet wheel 70.

The distal ends 40 and 42 of the fluid channels 26 and 28 are thenplaced into the corresponding containers 82 and 84 of the filler tray78. The pawl release 76 is operated to disengage the pawl 74 from theratchet teeth 72. The ratchet wheel 70 is thereby allowed to rotatefreely about the fulcrum 64.

In the absence of pressure exerted by the free end 68 of the inner leverarm 62, the resilient flexible material of the bulb 4 will return to itsinitial configuration, creating a pressure differential between theinterior of the bulb 4 and the ambient atmosphere. Atmospheric pressurewill force the liquid contents of the filler tray containers 82 and 84into the corresponding fluid channels 40 and 42 in a volumeapproximately equal to that of the air originally displaced from thebulb 4.

The distal ends 40 and 42 of the fluid channels 26 and 28 are thenremoved from the containers 82 and 84 of the filler tray 78. The mixingtip 94 is then attached to the fluid channels 26 and 28 and the suctionchannel 97. The mixing tip 94 is brought to the work surface. Ifcleaning of the surface is desired immediately before application of theadhesive, then the venturi opening 96 of the suction channel 16 isclosed off by the operator's finger. The suction force created by aremote vacuum attached to the proximal end of the suction channel istransmitted via suction channel 16 to the work surface. Fluid and debrison the work surface is thereby removed through the suction channel 16.

The precise amount of adhesive deposited on the work surface isaccurately controlled via the leverage mechanism 58. As the outer leverarm 60 is pressed, the ratchet teeth 72 will rotate past the pawl 74. Aseach ratchet tooth passes the pawl 74, an audible “click” will be heard.

The ratchet teeth 72 may be positioned so that each “click” representsthe deposit of a predefined amount of adhesive. For example, if theratchet teeth 72 are positioned so that each “click” corresponds to thedeposit of one microliter of adhesive, then an operator wishing to applyprecisely three microliters of adhesive will press the outer lever arm60 until three “clicks” are heard. The operator's visual attention tothe work area thereby remains uninterrupted.

At any point during the procedure, application of the adhesive may behalted by merely removing finger pressure from the outer lever arm 60.The lever arm 60 will be maintained in position by the pawl 74 engagingthe ratchet teeth 72.

In any event, the fibrinogen adhesive of the invention is applied alongwith a calcium/thrombin composition as understood by the art by anysuitable application means.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of applying an adhesive to a worksurface on a subject, the method comprising applying to said worksurface a suction force from a remote vacuum source connected with asuction channel, to prepare the work surface for the application ofadhesive, the suction channel being a component of an applicator device,followed by depositing said adhesive from said applicator device via adispensing channel, the dispensing channel also being a component ofsaid applicator device, onto said work surface, wherein the suctionchannel is disposed adjacent the dispensing channel and interferesneither visually nor functionally with the dispensing of adhesive fromthe dispensing channel, and wherein the amount of adhesive dispensed ismeasured audibly.
 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the applicatorcomprises a manually operable dispensing actuator capable of emitting anaudible tone at intervals to indicate the amount of adhesive dispensed,the method comprising dispensing a measured quantity of adhesive byoperating the dispensing actuator until the number of tones indicativeof the measured quantity is heard.
 3. A method of applying an adhesiveto a work surface wherein an applicator comprises a finger-operablesuction control valve and a finger-operable dispensing actuator, saidfinger-operable suction control valve positioned adjacent to the suctioncontrol valve, and wherein the method comprises: a) operating thefinger-operable suction control valve with one finger to apply to saidwork surface a suction force through said suction channel, said suctionchannel in communication with a remote vacuum source, the suctionchannel being a component of an applicator device; b) moving the onefinger from the finger-operable suction control valve to thefinger-operable dispensing actuator; and c) operating thefinger-operable dispensing actuator with the one finger to dispenseadhesive to the prepared work surface via a dispensing channel, thedispensing channel also being a component of said applicator device,wherein the suction channel is disposed adjacent the dispensing channeland interferes neither visually nor functionally with the dispensing ofadhesive from the dispensing channel.
 4. The method of claim 3 whereinthe method comprises rapidly switching from control of the suction valveto control of the dispensing actuator.
 5. The method of claim 3 whereinthe suction control valve comprises a venturi opening communicating thesuction supply with atmosphere, and the method comprises closing theventuri opening with the operator's finger to apply suction.
 6. Themethod of claim 3 wherein the method further comprises: d) moving theone finger back to the suction control valve; and e) applying suction tothe sealant dispensed on the work surface.
 7. A method of applying atwo-component adhesive system to a work surface, the method comprising:providing an applicator device having a suction channel and a dispensingchannel, said suction channel disposed adjacent to said dispensingchannel, and wherein said suction channel interferes neither visuallynot functionally with a dispensing of adhesive from said dispensingchannel; applying to said surface a suction force from a remote vacuumsource attached to said suction channel; and depositing an adhesiveformed from said two components from said applicator device via saiddispensing channel onto said work surface, wherein the amount ofadhesive dispensed is measured audibly.
 8. The method of claim 7 whereinthe applicator comprises a manually operable dispensing actuator capableof emitting an audible tone at intervals to indicate the amount ofadhesive dispensed, the method comprising dispensing a measured quantityof adhesive by operating the dispensing actuator until the number oftones indicative of the measured quantity is heard.
 9. A method ofapplying an adhesive to a work surface wherein an applicator comprises afinger-operable suction control valve and a finger-operable dispensingactuator, said finger-operable suction control valve positioned adjacentto the suction control valve, and wherein the method comprises: a)operating the finger-operable suction control valve with one finger toapply to said work surface a suction force through said suction channel,said suction channel in communication with a remote vacuum source, thesuction channel being a component of an applicator device; b) moving theone finger from the finger-operable suction control valve to thefinger-operable dispensing actuator; and c) operating thefinger-operable dispensing actuator with the one finger to dispenseadhesive to the prepared work surface via a dispensing channel, thedispensing channel also being a component of said applicator device,wherein the suction channel is disposed adjacent the dispensing channeland interferes neither visually nor functionally with the dispensing ofadhesive from the dispensing channel.
 10. The method of claim 9 whereinthe method comprises rapidly switching from control of the suction valveto control of the dispensing actuator.
 11. The method of claim 9 whereinthe suction control valve comprises a venturi opening communicating thesuction supply with atmosphere, and the method comprises closing theventuri opening with the operator's finger to apply suction.
 12. Themethod of claim 9 wherein the method further comprises: d) moving theone finger back to the suction control valve; and e) applying suction tothe sealant dispensed on the work surface.
 13. A method of applying atwo-component fibrin sealant to a work surface, the method comprising:providing a handheld sealant applicator having two sealant chamberscontaining two sealant components, and having at least one dispensingtube for dispensing the sealant components and a suction tubeconnectable with a suction source for applying suction to the worksurface; and actuating said handheld applicator to dispense saidsealant; and audibly measuring the amount of sealant dispensed.
 14. Themethod of claim 13 wherein the applicator comprises a manually operabledispensing actuator capable of emitting an audible tone at intervals toindicate the amount of adhesive dispensed, the method comprisingdispensing a measured quantity of adhesive by operating the dispensingactuator until the number of tones indicative of the measured quantityis heard.
 15. A method of applying a two-component fibrin sealant to awork surface wherein an applicator comprises a finger-operable suctioncontrol valve and a finger-operable dispensing actuator, saidfinger-operable suction control valve positioned adjacent to the suctioncontrol valve, and wherein the method comprises: a) operating thefinger-operable suction control valve with one finger to apply to saidwork surface a suction force through said suction channel, said suctionchannel in communication with a remote vacuum source, the suctionchannel being a component of an applicator device; b) moving the onefinger from the finger-operable suction control valve to thefinger-operable dispensing actuator; and c) operating thefinger-operable dispensing actuator with the one finger to dispenseadhesive to the prepared work surface via a dispensing channel, thedispensing channel also being a component of said applicator device,wherein the suction channel is disposed adjacent the dispensing channeland interferes neither visually nor functionally with the dispensing ofadhesive from the dispensing channel.
 16. The method of claim 15 whereinthe method comprises rapidly switching from control of the suction valveto control of the dispensing actuator.
 17. The method of claim 15wherein the suction control valve comprises a venturi openingcommunicating the suction supply with atmosphere, and the methodcomprises closing the venturi opening with the operator's finger toapply suction.
 18. The method of claim 15 wherein the method furthercomprises: d) moving the one finger back to the suction control valve;and e) applying suction to the sealant dispensed on the work surface.19. A method of applying a two-component fibrin sealant to a worksurface wherein an applicator comprises a finger-operable suctioncontrol valve and a finger-operable dispensing actuator, saidfinger-operable suction control valve positioned adjacent to the suctioncontrol valve, and wherein the method comprises: a) providing anapplicator having a pivotally mounted manually operable dispensing levercoupled to sealant component chambers for dispensing the sealantcomponents with a reduced mechanical displacement; b) manually movingthe dispensing lever to dispense a desired quantity of the sealantcomponent; and c) releasing the dispensing lever to terminate dispensingof the sealant components.
 20. A method of applying a two-componentfibrin sealant to a work surface of an animal subject, the methodemploying a handheld sealant applicator having two chambers to containthe two sealant components, at least one dispensing tube for dispensingthe sealant components to the subject, and a pivotally mounted manuallyoperable dispensing lever coupled with the sealant component chambersfor dispensing the sealant components with a reduced mechanicaldisplacement, the method comprising: a) manually moving the dispensinglever to dispense a desired quantity of the sealant components; and b)releasing the dispensing lever to terminate dispensing of the sealantcomponents.
 21. The method of claim 20 wherein the applicator comprisesa suction tube connectable with a suction source for applying suction tothe work surface and the method further comprises preparing the worksurface for application of adhesive by applying suction to the worksurface through the suction tube.